This article is about the continent. For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation)
Europe is a continent[t] located entirely in the Northern 9️⃣ Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean 9️⃣ to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east. Europe shares the landmass of Eurasia 9️⃣ with Asia, and of Afro-Eurasia with both Asia and Africa.[10][11] Europe is commonly considered to be separated from Asia by 9️⃣ the watershed of the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian Sea, the Greater Caucasus, the Black Sea, and the 9️⃣ waterways of the Turkish straits.[12]
Europe covers about 10.18 million km2 (3.93 million sq mi), or 2% of Earth's surface (6.8% 9️⃣ of land area), making it the second-smallest continent (using the seven-continent model). Politically, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign 9️⃣ states, of which Russia is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its 9️⃣ population. Europe had a total population of about 745 million (about 10% of the world population) in 2024; the third-largest 9️⃣ after Asia and Africa.[2][3] The European climate is largely affected by warm Atlantic currents that temper winters and summers on 9️⃣ much of the continent, even at latitudes along which the climate in Asia and North America is severe. Further from 9️⃣ the sea, seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast.
European culture is the root of Western civilisation, which 9️⃣ traces its lineage back to ancient Greece and ancient Rome.[13][14] The fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE 9️⃣ and the related Migration Period marked the end of Europe's ancient history, and the beginning of the Middle Ages. The 9️⃣ Italian Renaissance began in Florence and spread to the rest of the continent, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, exploration, 9️⃣ art, and science which contributed to the beginning of the modern era. Since the Age of Discovery, led by Spain 9️⃣ and Portugal, Europe played a predominant role in global affairs with multiple explorations and conquests around the world. Between the 9️⃣ 16th and 20th centuries, European powers colonised at various times the Americas, almost all of Africa and Oceania, and the 9️⃣ majority of Asia.
The Age of Enlightenment, the French Revolution, and the Napoleonic Wars shaped the continent culturally, politically and economically 9️⃣ from the end of the 17th century until the first half of the 19th century. The Industrial Revolution, which began 9️⃣ in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century, gave rise to radical economic, cultural and social change in 9️⃣ Western Europe and eventually the wider world. Both world wars began and were fought to a great extent in Europe, 9️⃣ contributing to a decline in Western European dominance in world affairs by the mid-20th century as the Soviet Union and 9️⃣ the United States took prominence.[15] During the Cold War, Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the 9️⃣ West and the Warsaw Pact in the East, until the Revolutions of 1989, the fall of the Berlin Wall, and 9️⃣ the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
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